@article {1043286,
	title = {Automated Brightness and Contrast Adjustment of Color Fundus Photographs for the Grading of Age-Related Macular Degeneration},
	journal = {Transl Vis Sci Technol},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017 Mar},
	pages = {3},
	abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm to automatically standardize the brightness, contrast, and color balance of digital color fundus photographs used to grade AMD and to validate this algorithm by determining the effects of the standardization on image quality and disease grading. METHODS: Seven-field color photographs of patients (\&gt;50 years) with any stage of AMD and a control group were acquired at two study sites, with either the Topcon TRC-50DX or Zeiss FF-450 Plus cameras. Field 2 photographs were analyzed. Pixel brightness values in the red, green, and blue (RGB) color channels were adjusted in custom-built software to make the mean brightness and contrast of the images equal to optimal values determined by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) 2 group. RESULTS: Color photographs of 370 eyes were analyzed. We found a wide range of brightness and contrast values in the images at baseline, even for those taken with the same camera. After processing, image brightness variability (brightest image-dimmest image in a color channel) was reduced 69-fold, 62-fold, and 96-fold for the RGB channels. Contrast variability was reduced 6-fold, 8-fold, and 13-fold, respectively, after adjustment. Of the 23\% images considered nongradable before adjustment, only 5.7\% remained nongradable. CONCLUSIONS: This automated software enables rapid and accurate standardization of color photographs for AMD grading. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: This work offers the potential to be the future of assessing and grading AMD from photos for clinical research and teleimaging.},
	doi = {10.1167/tvst.6.2.3},
	author = {Tsikata, Edem and La{\'\i}ns, In{\^e}s and Gil, Jo{\~a}o and Marques, Marco and Brown, Kelsey and Mesquita, T{\^a}nia and Melo, Pedro and da Luz Cachulo, Maria and Kim, Ivana K and Vavvas, Demetrios and Murta, Joaquim N and Miller, John B and Silva, Rufino and Miller, Joan W and Chen, Teresa C and Husain, Deeba}
}
