@article {1351207, title = {Dry eye disease and work productivity loss in visual display users: the Osaka study}, journal = {Am J Ophthalmol}, volume = {157}, number = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Feb}, pages = {294-300}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To estimate the impact of dry eye disease (DED) on work performance and productivity in office workers using visual display terminals (VDTs). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Six hundred seventy-two Japanese young and middle-aged office workers using VDTs completed a questionnaire that was designed to measured at-work performance deficits and productivity losses using the Japanese version of the Work Limitations Questionnaire, completed by e-mail. Using the Japanese dry eye diagnostic criteria, respondents were classified into 3 groups: definite DED, probable DED, and non DED. RESULTS: Of the 672 office workers, 553 subjects (82.3\%), including 366 men and 187 women, completed the questionnaire and underwent clinical evaluation. As for the total workplace productivity loss, the non DED group demonstrated a loss of 3.56\%, those with probable DED demonstrated a loss of 4.06\%, and those with definite DED demonstrated a loss of 4.82\%, indicating significantly worse performance and productivity (P = .014, trend test). For the 4 subscales, DED was associated with significantly lower on-the-job time management (P = .009, trend test) and combined mental performance and interpersonal functioning (P = .011, trend test). After controlling for age, sex, VDT working hours, and diagnosis of DED, time management, physical demands, and mental and interpersonal functioning showed a significant relationship to DED (each P \> .05). Annual DED productivity losses were estimated to be $6160 per employee when measured by total production and $1178 per employee calculated by wage. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that there is a significant impact of DED on the total productivity of Japanese VDT users.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Computer Terminals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dry Eye Syndromes, Efficiency, Organizational, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Japan, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Office Automation, Quality of Life, Sickness Impact Profile, Surveys and Questionnaires, Task Performance and Analysis, Workplace, Young Adult}, issn = {1879-1891}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajo.2013.10.014}, author = {Uchino, Miki and Uchino, Yuichi and Dogru, Murat and Kawashima, Motoko and Yokoi, Norihiko and Komuro, Aoi and Sonomura, Yukiko and Kato, Hiroaki and Kinoshita, Shigeru and Schaumberg, Debra A and Tsubota, Kazuo} }