@article {1364555,
	title = {Wall teichoic acid protects Staphylococcus aureus from inhibition by Congo red and other dyes},
	journal = {J Antimicrob Chemother},
	volume = {67},
	number = {9},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012 Sep},
	pages = {2143-51},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Polyanionic polymers, including lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid, are important determinants of the charged character of the staphylococcal cell wall. This study was designed to investigate the extent to which teichoic acid contributes to protection from anionic azo dyes and to identify barriers to drug penetration for development of new antibiotics for multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. METHODS: We studied antimicrobial activity of azo dyes against S. aureus strains with or without inhibition of teichoic acid in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: We observed that inhibition of wall teichoic acid expression resulted in an \~{}1000-fold increase in susceptibility to azo dyes such as Congo red, reducing its MIC from \&gt;1024 to \&lt;4 mg/L. Sensitization occurred when the first step in the wall teichoic acid pathway, catalysed by TarO, was inhibited either by mutation or by chemical inhibition. In contrast, genetic blockade of lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis did not confer Congo red susceptibility. Based on this finding, combination therapy was tested using the highly synergistic combination of Congo red plus tunicamycin at sub-MIC concentrations (to inhibit wall teichoic acid biosynthesis). The combination rescued Caenorhabditis elegans from a lethal challenge of S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies show that wall teichoic acid confers protection to S. aureus from anionic azo dyes and related compounds, and its inhibition raises the prospect of development of new combination therapies based on this inhibition.},
	keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Azo Compounds, Cell Wall, Congo Red, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Staphylococcus aureus, Teichoic Acids},
	issn = {1460-2091},
	doi = {10.1093/jac/dks184},
	author = {Suzuki, Takashi and Campbell, Jennifer and Kim, Younghoon and Swoboda, Jonathan G and Mylonakis, Eleftherios and Walker, Suzanne and Gilmore, Michael S}
}
