@article {1417562,
	title = {Habitual consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and fish attenuates genetically associated long-term weight gain},
	journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
	volume = {109},
	number = {3},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019 Mar 01},
	pages = {665-673},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: A growing amount of data suggests that n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake may modify the genetic association with weight change. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to prospectively test interactions of habitual consumption of n-3 PUFAs or fish, the major food source, with overall genetic susceptibility on long-term weight change. DESIGN: Gene-diet interactions were examined in 11,330 women from the Nurses{\textquoteright} Health Study (NHS), 6773 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), and 6254 women from the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Initiative (WHI). RESULTS: In the NHS and HPFS cohorts, food-sourced long-chain n-3 PUFA intake showed directionally consistent interactions with genetic risk score on long-term changes in BMI (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.01 in the HPFS, 0.15 in the NHS, and 0.01 in both cohorts combined). Such interactions were successfully replicated in the WHI, an independent cohort (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.02 in the WHI and 0.01 in the combined 3 cohorts). The genetic associations with changes in BMI (in kg/m2) consistently decreased (0.15, 0.10, 0.07, and -0.14 per 10 BMI-increasing alleles) across the quartiles of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the combined cohorts. In addition, high fish intake also attenuated the genetic associations with long-term changes in BMI in the HPFS (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.01), NHS (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.03), WHI (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.10), and the combined cohorts (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.01); and the differences in BMI changes per 10 BMI-increasing alleles were 0.16, 0.06, -0.08, and -0.18, respectively, across the categories (<=1, 1\~{}4, 4\~{}6, and >=7 servings/wk) of total fish intake. Similar interactions on body weight were observed for fish intake (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.003) and long-chain n-3 PUFA intake (P-interaction\&nbsp;=\&nbsp;0.12). CONCLUSION: Our study provides replicable evidence to show that high intakes of fish and long-chain n-3 PUFAs are associated with an attenuation of the genetic association with long-term weight gain based on results from 3 prospective cohorts of Caucasians.},
	issn = {1938-3207},
	doi = {10.1093/ajcn/nqy238},
	author = {Huang, Tao and Wang, Tiange and Heianza, Yoriko and Zheng, Yan and Sun, Dianjianyi and Kang, Jae H and Pasquale, Louis R and Rimm, Eric B and Manson, JoAnn E and Hu, Frank B and Qi, Lu}
}
