@article {1498240,
	title = {Electrical Stimulation Induces Retinal M{\"u}ller Cell Proliferation and Their Progenitor Cell Potential},
	journal = {Cells},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020 Mar 23},
	abstract = {Non-invasive electrical stimulation (ES) is increasingly applied to improve vision in untreatable eye conditions, such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Our previous study suggested that ES promoted retinal function and the proliferation of progenitor-like glial cells in mice with inherited photoreceptor degeneration; however, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. M{\"u}ller cells (MCs) are thought to be dormant residential progenitor cells that possess a high potential for retinal neuron repair and functional plasticity. Here, we showed that ES with a ramp waveform of 20 Hz and 300 {\textmu}A of current was effective at inducing mouse MC proliferation and enhancing their expression of progenitor cell markers, such as (cone-rod homeobox) and , as well as their production of trophic factors, including ciliary neurotrophic factor. RNA sequencing revealed that calcium signaling pathway activation was a key event, with a false discovery rate of 5.33 {\texttimes} 10 ( = 1.78 {\texttimes} 10) in ES-mediated gene profiling changes. Moreover, the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, abolished the observed effects of ES on MC proliferation and progenitor cell gene induction, supporting a central role of ES-induced Ca signaling in the MC changes. Our results suggest that low-current ES may present a convenient tool for manipulating MC behavior toward neuroregeneration and repair.},
	issn = {2073-4409},
	doi = {10.3390/cells9030781},
	author = {Enayati, Sam and Chang, Karen and Achour, Hamida and Cho, Kin-Sang and Xu, Fuyi and Guo, Shuai and Z Enayati, Katarina and Xie, Jia and Zhao, Eric and Turunen, Tytteli and Sehic, Amer and Lu, Lu and Utheim, Tor Paaske and Chen, Dong Feng}
}
