@article {1517187,
	title = {Biallelic -associated retinal dystrophies: Expanding the mutational and clinical spectrum},
	journal = {Mol Vis},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020},
	pages = {423-433},
	abstract = {Purpose: To evaluate the phenotypic spectrum of autosomal recessive associated retinal dystrophies and assess genotypic associations. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was performed of patients with biallelic -associated retinal dystrophies. Data including presenting symptoms and age, visual acuity, kinetic perimetry, full field electroretinogram, fundus examination, multimodal retinal imaging, and genotype were evaluated. Results: Nineteen eligible patients from 17 families were identified and ranged in age from 10 to 56 years at the most recent evaluation. Ten of the 21 unique variants identified were novel, and mutations within exon 2 accounted for nearly half of alleles across the cohort. Patients had clinical diagnoses of retinitis pigmentosa (13), cone-rod dystrophy (3), Leber congenital amaurosis (1), early-onset severe retinal dystrophy (1), and macular dystrophy (1). Macular atrophy was a common feature across the cohort. Symptom onset occurred between 4 and 30 years of age (mean 14.9 years, median 13 years), but there were clusters of onset age that correlated with the effects of mutations at a protein level. Patients with later-onset disease, including retinitis pigmentosa, had at least one missense variant in an exon 2 DCX domain. Conclusions: Biallelic mutations cause a broad spectrum of retinal disease. Exon 2 missense mutations are a significant contributor to disease and can be associated with a considerably later onset of retinitis pigmentosa than that typically associated with biallelic mutations.},
	issn = {1090-0535},
	author = {Huckfeldt, Rachel M and Grigorian, Florin and Place, Emily and Comander, Jason I and Vavvas, Demetrios and Young, Lucy H and Yang, Paul and Shurygina, Maria and Pierce, Eric A and Pennesi, Mark E}
}
