@article {1593840, title = {Neuro-ophthalmic Complications of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors}, journal = {Semin Ophthalmol}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, year = {2021}, month = {2021 May 19}, pages = {241-249}, abstract = {Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of oncology by modulating the immune cell-cancer cell interaction and thereby promoting immune system disinhibition in order to target several types of malignancies. There are three classes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), and anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1).It is not uncommon for physicians across all specialties to encounter a patient with a history of malignancy and ICI exposure, necessitating familiarity with their potential complications. In this review article, we discuss the most common immune-related adverse events (irAEs) pertaining to the central and peripheral nervous systems and their potential afferent and efferent neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Early recognition and treatment of these irAEs, and discontinuation of the offending ICI are all critical steps to prevent morbidity and mortality.}, issn = {1744-5205}, doi = {10.1080/08820538.2021.1890796}, author = {Mukharesh, Loulwah and Chwalisz, Bart K} }