@article {1638551, title = {Inter-species geographic signatures for tracing horizontal gene transfer and long-term persistence of carbapenem resistance}, journal = {Genome Med}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, year = {2022}, month = {2022 Apr 05}, pages = {37}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are an urgent global health threat. Inferring the dynamics of local CRE dissemination is currently limited by our inability to confidently trace the spread of resistance determinants to unrelated bacterial hosts. Whole-genome sequence comparison is useful for identifying CRE clonal transmission and outbreaks, but high-frequency horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of carbapenem resistance genes and subsequent genome rearrangement complicate tracing the local persistence and mobilization of these genes across organisms. METHODS: To overcome this limitation, we developed a new approach to identify recent HGT of large, near-identical plasmid segments across species boundaries, which also allowed us to overcome technical challenges with genome assembly. We applied this to complete and near-complete genome assemblies to examine the local spread of CRE in a systematic, prospective collection of all CRE, as well as time- and species-matched carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales, isolated from patients from four US hospitals over nearly 5 years. RESULTS: Our CRE collection comprised a diverse range of species, lineages, and carbapenem resistance mechanisms, many of which were encoded on a variety of promiscuous plasmid types. We found and quantified rearrangement, persistence, and repeated transfer of plasmid segments, including those harboring carbapenemases, between organisms over multiple years. Some plasmid segments were found to be strongly associated with specific locales, thus representing geographic signatures that make it possible to trace recent and localized HGT events. Functional analysis of these signatures revealed genes commonly found in plasmids of nosocomial pathogens, such as functions required for plasmid retention and spread, as well survival against a variety of antibiotic and antiseptics common to the hospital environment. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the framework we developed provides a clearer, high-resolution picture of the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance importation, spread, and persistence in patients and healthcare networks.}, keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Carbapenems, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Humans, Plasmids, Prospective Studies}, issn = {1756-994X}, doi = {10.1186/s13073-022-01040-y}, author = {Salamzade, Rauf and Manson, Abigail L and Walker, Bruce J and Thea Brennan-Krohn and Worby, Colin J and Ma, Peijun and He, Lorrie L and Shea, Terrance P and Qu, James and Chapman, Sin{\'e}ad B and Howe, Whitney and Young, Sarah K and Wurster, Jenna I and Delaney, Mary L and Sanjat Kanjilal and Onderdonk, Andrew B and Bittencourt, Cassiana E and Gussin, Gabrielle M and Kim, Diane and Peterson, Ellena M and Ferraro, Mary Jane and Hooper, David C and Shenoy, Erica S and Cuomo, Christina A and Cosimi, Lisa A and Huang, Susan S and Kirby, James E and Pierce, Virginia M and Bhattacharyya, Roby P and Earl, Ashlee M} }