@article {1645475,
	title = {Efficacy of Marine ω-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation vs Placebo in Reducing Incidence of Dry Eye Disease in Healthy US Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial},
	journal = {JAMA Ophthalmol},
	volume = {140},
	number = {7},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022 07 01},
	pages = {707-714},
	abstract = {Importance: Results of several small randomized clinical trials have suggested that supplements of marine ω-3 fatty acids may be beneficial in treating signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). However, randomized clinical trial data to examine whether ω-3 fatty acid supplements can prevent DED are lacking. Objective: To evaluate whether long-term daily supplementation with marine ω-3 fatty acids prevents the development of DED. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a prespecified ancillary study of the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), a nationwide randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 2 {\texttimes} 2 factorial trial of vitamin D and marine ω-3 fatty acids in the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Participants in this ancillary study were 23 523 US adults (men 50 years and older and women 55 years and older) who at study entry were free of a previous diagnosis of DED and were not experiencing severe dry eye symptoms. Participants were enrolled from November 2011 to March 2014, and treatment and follow-up ended on December 31, 2017. Data were analyzed from January 2020 to August 2021. Interventions: Marine ω-3 fatty acids, 1 g per day. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was incident clinically diagnosed DED confirmed by review of the medical records. The secondary end point was a composite of all confirmed incident clinically diagnosed DED cases plus all incident reports of severe DED symptoms. Results: The mean (SD) age of the 23 523 participants included in the analysis was 67.0 (7.0) years, and 11 349 participants (48.3\%) were women. The cohort included 4610 participants (20.0\%) who self-identified as Black, 16 481 (71.6\%) who self-identified as non-Hispanic White, and 1927 (8.4\%) of other racial or ethnic groups or who declined to respond, consolidated owing to small numbers, including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. During a median (range) 5.3 (3.8-6.1) years of treatment and follow-up, 472 of 23 523 participants (2.0\%) experienced a medical record-confirmed diagnosis of DED. There was no difference in diagnosed DED by randomized ω-3 fatty acid assignment (232 of 11 757 participants [2.0\%] with end points in the treated group vs 240 of 11 766 [2.0\%] with end points in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.97; 95\% CI, 0.81-1.16). Similarly, there was no difference between groups for the secondary end point of diagnosed DED plus incident severe DED symptoms (1044 participants [8.9\%] with end points in the treated group vs 1074 [9.1\%] with end points in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.97; 95\% CI, 0.89-1.06). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, long-term supplementation with 1 g per day of marine ω-3 fatty acids for a median (range) of 5.3 (3.8-6.1) years did not reduce the incidence of diagnosed DED or a combined end point of diagnosed DED or incident severe DED symptoms. These results do not support recommending marine ω-3 fatty acid supplementation to reduce the incidence of DED. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01880463.},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Dietary Supplements, Double-Blind Method, Dry Eye Syndromes, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Vitamin D, Vitamins},
	issn = {2168-6173},
	doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1818},
	author = {Christen, William G and Cook, Nancy R and Manson, JoAnn E and Buring, Julie E and Lee, I-Min and Bubes, Vadim and Friedenberg, Georgina and Dushkes, Rimma and Smith, Douglas and Schaumberg, Debra A and VITAL Research Group}
}
