@article {931086,
	title = {Pharmacodynamic profile of mydriatic agents delivered by ocular piezo-ejection microdosing compared with conventional eyedropper.},
	journal = {Ther Deliv},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016 Oct 13},
	abstract = {AIM: Eyedroppers deliver medication volumes exceeding conjunctival absorptive capacity, causing spillage and risking ocular/systemic complications. We evaluated piezoelectric microdosing. Results/methodology: Subjects (n = 102) received precision microdroplet delivery of phenylephrine (2.5\%) and tropicamide (1.0\%): 1 {\texttimes} 1.5 μl, 1 {\texttimes} 6 μl or 2 {\texttimes} 3 μl of each (randomized 1:1:1), into one eye. Contralateral eyes received eyedropper doses of both drugs. Outcomes were pupil dilation (0-60 min) and patient satisfaction. Six-microliter microdosing achieved comparable, and 2 {\texttimes} 3 μl met/exceeded dilation speed and magnitude versus eyedropper. Separately, participants preferred piezoelectric saline self-delivery to eyedroppers, reporting better head-positioning comfort, reduced tearing/overflow and increased likelihood of adhering to ocular medication regimens. CONCLUSION: Piezoelectric microdosing achieves comparable effects as eyedroppers delivering 4-17-fold larger doses. Microdosing may enhance patient adherence to ocular medication regimens while minimizing side effects.},
	issn = {2041-6008},
	doi = {10.4155/tde-2016-0061},
	author = {Ianchulev, Tsontcho and Chayet, Arturo and Kahook, Malik and Packer, Mark and Pasquale, Louis and Weinreb, Robert N}
}
