Chemical agents that target the eyes have been a popular choice for law enforcement during riots and for military training for nearly a century. The most commonly used agents are chloroacetophenone (formerly sold as Mace), o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, and oleoresin capsicum (OC or pepper spray, current ingredient for Mace). Initially, most severe ocular injuries were caused by the explosive force rather than the chemical itself. The development of sprays reduced the mechanical severity of ocular injuries, but resulted in a variety of chemical injuries. The effects on eyes include conjunctival injection, complete corneal epithelial defects, pseudopterygium, corneal neovascularization, persistent conjunctivalization, corneal opacities, and reduced visual acuity. Current management, based on limited human studies, emphasizes decontamination and symptomatic treatment. We review the literature related to clinical and histopathologic effects of tear gas agents on the eye and their management.
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Effects of tear gases on the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2016;61(4):434-42.Abstract
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Hybrid foraging search: Searching for multiple instances of multiple types of target. Vision Res 2016;119:50-9.Abstract
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Nonlimbal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 2016;123(2):254.
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Treatment of Susac Syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2016;18(1):3.Abstract
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Evaluation for High-risk HPV in Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Precursor Lesions Arising in the Conjunctiva and Lacrimal Sac. Am J Surg Pathol 2016;40(4):519-28.Abstract
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Lacrimal gland abscess presenting with preseptal cellulitis depicted on CT. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2016;6(1):1.Abstract
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Transient Tear Film Dysfunction after Cataract Surgery in Diabetic Patients. PLoS One 2016;11(1):e0146752.Abstract
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Impact of treatment strategies for open angle glaucoma on intraocular pressure: the RiGOR study. J Comp Eff Res 2016;5(1):87-98.Abstract
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Anterograde or Retrograde Transsynaptic Circuit Tracing in Vertebrates with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors. Curr Protoc Neurosci 2016;74:1.26.1-1.26.27.Abstract
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RiGOR: a prospective observational study comparing the effectiveness of treatment strategies for open-angle glaucoma. J Comp Eff Res 2016;5(1):65-78.Abstract
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Ocular inflammatory disease in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: A case series and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2016;35(1):251-8.Abstract
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The Eyes Absent Proteins in Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 2016;186(3):568-78.Abstract
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